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Section I  Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark, A.B.C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

2020年研究生入學統一考試試題(英語二)

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very __1__, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, __2__, a younger sibling.

__3__, there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to __4__: a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, __5__ every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy __6__. Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a __7__ and composed style with their kids. I understand this.

You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can __8__ you just a little too far. And then the __9__ happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too __10__ and does nobody any good. You wish that you could __11__ the clock and start over. We’ve all been there.

__12__, even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may __13__ for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also __14__ your child’s self-esteem.

If you consistently lose your __15__ with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the __16__ of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when __17__ by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.

Certainly, it’s incredibly __18__ to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with __19__ situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and __20__ from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.

1. A tedious B pleasant C instructive D tricky

2. A in addition B for example C at once D by accident

3. A fortunately B occasionally C accordingly D eventually

4. A amuse B assist C describe D train

5. A while B because C unless D once

6. A answer B task C choice D access

7. A tolerant B formal C rigid D critical

8. A move B drag C push D send

9. A mysterious B illogical C suspicious D inevitable

10. A boring B naive C harsh D vague

11. A turn back B take apart C set aside D cover up

12. A overall B instead C however D otherwise

13. A like B miss C believe D regret

14. A raise B affect C justify D reflect

15. A time B bond C race D cool

16. A nature B secret C importance D context

17. A cheated B defeated C confused D confronted

18. A terrible B hard C strange D wrong

19. A trying B changing C exciting D surprising

20. A hide B emerge C withdraw D escape

今年完形填空的難度系數很小，基本無生詞，長難句也很少。講的是家長對孩子要有耐心，屬于比較生活的話題。下面我們一起來看一下答案及解析。

1.【答案】D tricky

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析+上下文語境。文章首段首句為主題句：每位父母都想成為好的父母?？崭窬溟_頭為but，句意上出現了轉折，“但是如何定義好的父母是個難題”，since后給出了原因，“因為不同的孩子對待同樣的養育方式反應也是不同的”。tricky意為“棘手的，困難的”，符合句意。

2.【答案】B for example

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關系。前面說了不同的孩子對待同樣的養育方式反應也是不同的，此句為例證，如果換一種養育方式，一個冷靜而聽話的孩子可能會比他的弟弟或妹妹反應更好些。所以用表示舉例分析的for example最合適，其他選項另外、偶爾、意外地都不合適。

3.【答案】A Fortunately

【解析】此處考察副詞詞義辨析+上下文語境?？崭袼诰渲赋觯哼€有一類父母描述起來會容易一些，這類就是非常耐心的父母。第一段告訴我們如何定義怎樣才是好的父母是個難題，這里在上下文文義上是個轉折，幸運地是/還好，有一類父母比較容易定義，并且各個年齡段的孩子都可以從他們的養育方式中獲益。故選Fortunately，其他選項偶爾，對應地，最終地都不合適。

4.【答案】C describe

【解析】 此處考察動詞詞義辨析+上下文語境。第一段告訴我們如何定義怎樣才是好的父母是個難題，第二段出現轉折說但是有一類父母很好描述/定義，describe與define相呼應，故選C符合句意。

5.【答案】A while

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關系?？崭袼诰渲赋觯弘m然每位父母都想成為耐心的父母，但這并不容易。逗號前后為轉折關系，四個選項中while表轉折，選A符合句意。

6.【答案】B task

【解析】此處考察名詞詞義辨析。雖然每位父母都想成為耐心的父母，但這不是個容易的差事/任務。task意為任務，其余選項答案，選擇，途徑/權限都不合適，故選B符合句意。

7.【答案】A tolerant

【解析】此處考察形容詞詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渲赋鲇袝r父母會很累很沮喪，這時候對待孩子就很難沉著冷靜(composed)和包容。tolerant意為包容的，故選A符合句意。

8.【答案】C push

【解析】此處考察動詞詞義辨析+上下文語境。你也不是圣人/你也只是普通人，而且有時候孩子會把你逼的很緊。push為催促/緊逼，此處move(移動，使感動)，drag(拖拽)，send(發送)均不符合句意，故選C。

9.【答案】D inevitable

【解析】此處考察形容詞詞意辨析+上下文語境?？崭袂耙痪渲赋觯河袝r候孩子會把你逼的很緊?？崭窈笠痪渲赋瞿銜ツ托模瑢⒆哟蠛鸫蠼?。那么這是孩子把你逼的很緊的必然結果，inevitable 為無法避免的/必然的，故選D符合句意。

10.【答案】C harsh

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析+上下文語境?？崭窬渚湟猓耗銜ツ托牟⒆哟蠛鸫蠼校矣袝r候會說一些很傷人/刻薄的話，對每個人都沒好處。根據上下文，something 后面的形容詞一定是貶義的，harsh為刺耳的/嚴格的，故選C。

11.【答案】A turn back

【解析】此處考察動詞搭配+上下文語境?？崭窬渚湟猓耗銜Ｍ麜r間倒流，一切重新再來。turn back為(使)往回走，take apart 為拆開/拆解，set aside為把....放一旁/不理會，cover up為蓋起來，均不符合句意，故選A。

12.【答案】C however

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關系。空格句指出：然而，即使是這是很普遍的現象，我們還是要牢記，哪怕只是一點點的疲憊，都會讓你對孩子說一些你會后悔很久的話。上一段描述了一般情況下父母是如何對孩子失去耐心，并且這很普遍(We've all been there/it's common)，空格句對比上一段發生了轉折，故選C。

13.【答案】D regret

【解析】此處考察動詞詞義辨析+上下文語境。上一段描述了父母如何對孩子失去耐心，然后又希望時間倒流一切重新再來，那么疲憊時對孩子說的話一定是會讓你后悔(regret)的，其他選項喜歡，錯過，相信均不符合上下文，故選D。

14.【答案】B affect

【解析】考察動賓搭配。結合原文語境，“這也許不僅會傷害你和孩子之間的關系，而且會...你的孩子的自尊”所以這里填上一個動詞接后面的賓語自尊心，所以答案只能是affect,“影響自尊心”。而raise提高，養育;justify證明合理性;reflect影響，均不能合理搭配。

15.【答案】D cool

【解析】本題考察動賓搭配，也是主題復現，cool有“冷靜之意?！叭绻憧偸菍δ愕暮⒆邮?..,”本文一直在探討的主題就是對孩子要有耐心，因此符合題意的只能是cool, 而time時間，bond結合，紐帶，race比賽，種族都不符合這里的語境。

16.【答案】C importance

【解析】本題考察名詞的修飾關系，A of B的結構中填名詞A，主要參照后面of結構對它的修飾作用。Of結構在這里表示“建立對孩子寬容和耐心的...”聯系前面說”我們越來越重視...”因此符合題意的應該是importance“重要性”nature，自然、天性;secret秘密，context環境。

17.【答案】D confronted

【解析】本題考查動賓搭配，根據本題語境，“事實上，在....壓力時情緒調節或維持情緒控制的能力是所有生活技能中最重要的一項”，壓力前面應該搭配“面對”故選擇confronted其他的cheated欺騙，defeated打敗，confused困惑均不符合。

18.【答案】B hard

【解析】此處考察表語形容詞。主要參照跟前面的incredible加起來表示“不可避免的...一直對孩子保持耐心”可以先看選項terrible糟糕的，strange奇怪的，wrong錯誤的，這三個都不能放在此處形成合理搭配，所以hard更合適。

19.【答案】A trying

【解析】本題考察修飾關系。根據原文語境“一個更實際的目標是去嘗試，盡你最大的能力，當你面對涉及孩子的...情況時，盡可能地寬容和冷靜” 需要父母寬容和冷靜的應該是不太好的情況，答案trying做形容詞表示“令人厭煩的”最合適。changing變化，exciting激動人心的surprising令人驚訝的，均不能體現這里的含義。

20.【答案】B emerge

【解析】考察動賓搭配，這里的句義是“朝著這個目標努力的結果是，你和你的孩子將受益并從很有壓力的這些時候...，在身體和情感上感覺更好”。只有“浮現，出現”最符合，所以選擇emerge， 而hide隱藏，withdraw撤退，escape逃避均為負面含義，故不符合。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.

They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one asocial一for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.

During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side

Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.

Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.

The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We' d assumed we' d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary, ”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.

The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.“ We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.

21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can________

[A] pickup social signals from non-living rats

[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one

[C] attain sociable traits through special training

[D] send out warning messages to their fellow

22. What did the social robot do during the experiment?

[A] It followed the social robot.

[B]It played with some toys.

[C] It set the trapped rats free.

[D]It moved around alone.

23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they________

[A] tried to practice a means of escape

[B] expected it to do the same in return

[C] wanted to display their intelligence

[D]considered that an interesting game

24. James Wiles notes that rats________

[A]can remember other rat's facial features

[B] differentiate smells better than sizes

[C] respond more to cations than to looks

[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels

25. It can be learned from the text that rats________

[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings

[B] are more socially active than other animals

C] behave differently from children in socializing

[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expected

21. 【答案】A pick up social signals from non-living rats

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞Quinn and her colleagues和a test定位到第一段第二句。To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. 為了查明這是否延伸到了非生物，Quinn和她的同事測試了老鼠能否從機器老鼠身上探測到社會信號。正確答案A是原文的同義替換。選項B的distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one區分友好的老鼠和敵對的老鼠，并未提及，是常識性干擾。選項C的attain sociable traits through special training通過特殊訓練獲得社交品質，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。選項D的send out warning messages to their fellow向它們的同伴發出警告信息，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。

22.【答案】D It moved around alone.

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞the asocial robot和experiment定位到第三段最后一句Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.同時，不具有社交能力的機器人只能進行簡單的前后左右移動。正確答案D It moved around alone.是原文的同義替換。選項A的It followed the social robot.它跟隨具備社交能力的老鼠，與原文the social robot rat followed the living rats around不符，原文說的是具備社交能力的老鼠跟隨真老鼠，屬于張冠李戴。選項B的It played with some toys.它玩一些玩具，與原文不符，原文中說的是具備社交能力的老鼠玩同樣的玩具，屬于張冠李戴。選項C的It set the trapped rats free.它釋放了被困的老鼠也與原文內容不符，原文說的同樣是具備社交能力的老鼠，而題干問的是不具備社交能力的老鼠在實驗中做了什么，屬于張冠李戴。

23.【答案】B expected it to do the same in return

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞Quinn和the rats released the social robots往下定位到第四五段，第五段最后一句This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn. Quinn說：這可能會讓老鼠更好地記住早些時候已經釋放了機器人，并希望機器人在它們被困住時能回報它們的恩惠。正確答案B expected it to do the same in return是原文的同義替換。干擾項A的 tried to practice a means of escape試圖嘗試一種逃跑的方法，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。選項C的 wanted to display their intelligence想要展示它們的智慧，文中并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項D的considered that an interesting game覺得是個有趣的游戲在原文當中也沒有體現，屬于無中生有。

24.【答案】C respond more to actions than to looks

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞James Wiles定位到第六七段，尾段尾句We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too, says Wiles. Wiles說：“我們人類似乎對機器人很著迷，事實證明其他動物也很著迷?！痹俳Y合尾段前面部分的闡述，會發現正確答案C respond more to actions than to looks對行動的反應多于對外表的反應，是原文的類似表達。干擾項A的can remember other rat's facial features能夠記住其他老鼠的面部特征，與原文內容不符，原文第六段說的是假設賦予機器老鼠面部特征，那都不重要，屬于偷換概念。選項B的differentiate smells better than sizes與體型大小相比，能夠更好地區分氣味，原文中只提到賦予機器老鼠真老鼠的氣味，與原文不符，屬于偷換概念。選項D的can be scared by a plastic box on wheels會被裝有輪子的塑料盒子嚇壞，文中機器老鼠只是裝有輪子的塑料盒子，還是屬于偷換概念。

25.【答案】D are more sensitive to social cues than expected

解析：本題目為推斷題，考察基于全文主旨進行推斷。題干并沒有具體關鍵詞，因此需要通過選項回到文中逐一對應。正確答案D are more sensitive to social cues than expected對社交線索比預期更敏感，與原文尾段首句The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots.(這一發現顯示了老鼠對社交暗示的敏感程度，即使是來自基本機器老鼠的社交暗示)屬于類似表達。選項A的appear to be adaptable to new surroundings似乎能適應新環境，在文中并未提及，屬于無中生有。選項B的are more socially active than other animals比其他動物更活躍，文中只提到其他動物也一樣會對機器人著迷，屬于偷換概念。干擾項C的behave differently from children in socializing在社交活動中表現得與孩子不同，與原文內容相反，原文內容指的是孩子們傾向于把機器人當作人來對待，即使他們只顯示簡單的社會信號。這一點與老鼠是一樣的，屬于正反混淆。

Text 2

It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500% The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S18.9 million a year.

The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.

Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to“run the company" CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there' s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is farly mind-boggling plus, virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.

The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governmance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger govemnance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.”

Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.

26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?

[A] The growth in the number of corporations

[B] The general pay rise with a better economy

[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms

[D] Close cooperation among leading economies

27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to______

[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork

[B] finance more research and development

[C] establish closer ties with tech companies

[D] operate more globalized companies

28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite______

[A] continual internal opposition

[B] strict corporate governance

[C] conservative business strategies

[D] Repeated government warnings

29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps______

[A] confirm the status of CEOs

[B] motivate inside candidates

[C] boost the efficiency of CEOs

[D] increase corporate value

30. The most suitable title for this text would be______

[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid

[B] CEO Pay: Past and Present

[C] CEOs' challenges of Today

[D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define

26.【答案】C Increased business opportunities for top firms

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞CEO pay rise及題干中對CEO薪酬增加原因的提問，定位到第二段首句The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.了解CEO薪酬增長的最佳模式是，CEO人才在一個頂級公司的商業機會迅速增長的世界里是有限的。正確答案C Increased business opportunities for top firms增加頂級公司商業機會的增加。干擾項A的The growth in the number of corporations公司數量的增長，文中并不是說公司數量而是商業機會，屬于偷換概念。選項B的The general pay rise with a better economy好轉的經濟帶來的普遍加薪，文中并未提到better economy，屬于無中生有。選項D的Close cooperation among leading economies 主要經濟體之間的密切合作，文中也并未提到經濟體之間的何做，屬于無中生有。

27.【答案】D operate more globalized companies

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞predecessors及today's CEOs定位到第三段第二句They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. 他們還需要比他們的前任更好的公關技巧，因為即使是一個小失誤的成本也可能是巨大的。選項中并未提到，繼續往后看Then there's the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. 還有一個事實是，美國的大公司比以往任何時候都更加全球化，供應鏈遍布更多的國家。正確答案D operate more globalized companies經營更全球化的公司是該句內容的同義替換。干擾項A的foster a stronger sense of teamwork培養更強的團隊合作意識，文中提到意識，只有對金融市場有很好的了解，甚至公司應該如何進行交易的意識，屬于偷換概念。選項B的finance more research and development資助更多的研發，定位段并沒有提到，屬于無中生有。選項D的establish closer ties with tech companies與科技公司建立更緊密的聯系，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。

28.【答案】B strict corporate governance

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞the 1970s定位到第四段第三句Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. 然而，首席執行官的薪酬主要是在這一治理更加有力的時期一直居高不下。正確答案B strict corporate governance嚴格的公司管理，屬于原文內容的替換表達。干擾項A的continual internal opposition持續的內部對立在文中并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項C的 conservative business strategies 保守的商業策略，定位段并沒有提到，屬于無中生有。選項D的repeated government warnings 政府的再三警告定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。

29.【答案】D increase corporate value

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞High CEO pay及順序出題規則，繼續看尾段，定位句是And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.當公司把首席執行官的薪酬與股票價格掛鉤時，股票市場的反應是積極的，這表明這些做法不僅為首席執行官帶來機制，而且創造了公司價值。正確答案D increase corporate value增加公司價值，是原文內容的替換表達。干擾項A的confirm the status of CEOs證實CEO的地位，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項B的motivate inside candidates激發內部候選人的積極性，文中尾段首句首席執行官的最高薪水是付給外部候選人的，而不是付給那些舒適的內部人選，屬于偷換概念。選項C的boost the efficiency of CEOs提高CEO的效率，定位段未提到，屬于無中生有。

30. 【答案】A CEOs Are Not Overpaid

解析：本題目為主旨題，考察文章主旨。根據題干分析文章主題詞為CEO的薪酬，所以排除C項、D項選項A的CEOs Are Not Overpaid 首席執行官的薪水并不高。選項B的CEO Pay: Past and Present CEO的薪酬：過去和現在，而CEO過去的薪酬并不是原文中心，屬于偏離主題，因此正確選項為A。

Text 3

Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.

Mayor Jose Luis Martinez -Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city 's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.

Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers一who must pay fees or buy better vehicles 一rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.

It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.

It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents' health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits - fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.

But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments一Britain s and others across Europe - have failed to do so.

Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas - city centres, 。school streets", even individual roads - are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. We re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.

31. Which of the following is true about Madrid's clean air zone?

[A] Its effects are questionable

[B]It has been opposed by a judge

[C] It needs tougher enforcement

[D] Its fate is yet to be decided

32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?

[A] They are biased against car manufacturers.

[B] They prove impractical for city councils.

[C] They are deemed too mild for politicians.

D] They put too much burden on individual motorists.

33. The author believes that the extension of London's Ulez will .

[A] arouse strong resistance.

[B] ensure Khan's electoral success.

[C] improve the city s traffic.

[D] discourage car manufacturing.

34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?

[A] Local residents

[B]Mayors.

[C] Councilors.

[D] National governments.

35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies.

[A] will raise low-emission car production

[B]should be forced to follow regulations

[C] will upgrade the design of their vehicles

[D] should be put under public supervision

31.【答案】D Its fate is yet to be decided

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞Madrid's clean air zone定位到前兩段，首段說明背景Madrid's clean air zone的執行暫停。繼續找第二段，盡管能夠提高空氣質量，但是市長表示反對。一位法官現在否決了該市停止征收罰款的決定，下令恢復原狀。但隨著法律斗爭的進行，Madrid's clean air zone的未來看起來也不確定。正確答案D Its fate is yet to be decided它的命運尚未決定，是原文內容的替換表達。選項A的 Its effects are questionable.其效果值得懷疑。與原文內容相反，屬于正反混淆。選項B的It has been opposed by a judge.它遭到法官的反對。文中法官反對的并不是Madrid's clean air zone，而是停止征收罰款的決定。選項C的It needs tougher enforcement.它需要更嚴格的執行。文中是執行已經停止，與原文內容不符，屬于偷換概念。

32.【答案】D They put too much burden on individual motorists.

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞a weakness of the city-level measures及tackle dirty air定位到第三段第二句：That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose heating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.這是因為他們不可避免地把清潔空氣的費用轉嫁給那些必須支付費用或購買更好車輛的司機，而不是汽車制造商，因為他們的供暖是造成我們有毒污染的真正原因。正確答案D They put too much burden on individual motorists.他們給個人駕車者增加了太多負擔與原文內容一致。選項A的 They are biased again car manufactures.他們對汽車制造商有偏見，文中提到汽車制造商，卻并未提到對其有無偏見，屬于偷換概念。選項B的They prove impractical for city councils.這些措施對市議會來說是不切實際的。選項C的They are deemed too mild for politicians.他們被認為對政治家來說太溫和了。定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。

33.【答案】A arouse strong resistance

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干關鍵詞 extension和London’s Ulez定位到第四段：And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.如果 Sadiq Khan在2021年勝出，并按照他的意愿將其延伸至南北環路，肯定會引發更多駕車者的強烈反對，屆時他們將受到影響。正確答案A arouse strong resistance引起強烈抵抗與原文內容一致。選項B的ensure Khans electoral success確保Khans選舉成功，文中提到的是如果這個人贏了，屬于偷換概念。選項C的 improve the city's traffic改善城市交通，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項D的discourage car manufacturing抑制汽車制造業也并未在定位段提到，屬于無中生有。

34.【答案】D National governments

解析：本題目為細節題，考察具體細節。根據題干信息，問的是作者的具體觀點。定位到第六段：But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments-Britain's and others across Europe- have failed to do so.但是市長和議員們只能對一個比任何一個城市或城鎮都大得多的問題做這么多的工作。他們之所以采取行動，是因為英國和歐洲其他國家的政府未能做到這一點。正確答案D National governments作者認為國家政府應該解決這個問題，與原文內容一致。選項A的 Local residents當地居民，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項B和C的mayors and councillors出現在定位句，但是與原文內容相反，屬于正反混淆。

35. 【答案】B should be forced to follow regulations

解析：本題目為推斷題，考察具體細節的推斷。根據題干信息auto companies，定位到尾段首句：require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance要求汽車公司使其車輛符合要求。正確答案B should be forced to follow regulations應該被迫遵守規定，與原文信息一致。選項A的 will raise low-emission car production將提高低排放汽車產量，定位段并未提到，屬于無中生有。選項C和D的will upgrade the design of their vehicles 和 should be put under public supervision將升級他們的車輛設計、應該接受公眾監督在原文中沒有相關信息。

Text4

Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this springthe most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was bom after 1995, give or take a year-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. GenZs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.

If"entitled"is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those bom between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and expert who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren,'t interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the U.S. now stand at a record $1.5 trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.

One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the second most important career goal (work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the great good.

36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring_____.

[A] are recognized for their abilities

[B] are in favor of job offers

[C] are optimistic about the labor market

[D] are drawing growing public attention

37. Generation Zs are keenly aware_____.

[A] what a tough economic situation is like

[B] what their parents expect of them

[C] how they differ from past generations

[D] I how valuable a counselors advice is

38. The word"assuage"(line 9, para 2)is closet in meaning to_____.

[A]define 

[B]relieve 

[C] maintain 

[D] deepen

39.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs_____.

[A] care little about their job performance

[B] give top priority to professional training

[C]think it hard to achieve work-Life balance

[D] have a clear idea about their future job

40 Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are_____.

[A]less realistic 

[B] less adventurous 

[C]more diligent 

[D] more generous

36. 【C】are drawing growing public attention細節題。根據題干直接定位到文章根據提干第一段第一句話。信息選項中的“drawing growing public attention ”則對應到句中的“the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks” (近幾周的關注度在穩步提高)”，其中attention原詞復現，rising和growing同義復現;而其他的選項則與最佳選項無緣，在定位區間中沒有相應的對應信息。

37. 【B】what a tough economic situation is like;細節題。根據題干中詢問Generation Z的特點我們來到第二段。題干中的aware直接定位到第二段第四行”Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like(經濟列車受到重創是什么樣子的)”;信息選項中的“tough economic situation ”則對應到句中的“economic train wreck ”;而其他的選項則與最佳選項無緣，在定位區間中沒有相應的對應信息。

38. 【C】relieve;猜詞題。根據題干，可以定位到第九段第二句話：“The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt”,所以解題的關鍵是判斷”The booming economy(繁榮的經濟)”和”generational sense of anxious urgency(代際焦慮)”的關系;根據常識判斷，繁榮的經濟可以降低求職者的焦慮;再結合上一道題我們知道，Gen Zs是務實和謹慎(practical and cautious)的一代;由此可以得出繁榮的經濟并未降低求職者的焦慮，原文已有并未(have done little),選項B中的relieve(減輕)與我們的判斷一致，因此答案為C。而其它的選項A define(定義)，B maintain(保持)，deepen(加深)和我們的判斷都不一致。

39. 【A】have a clear idea about their future jobs; 推斷題。題目中明確出題段落(from Paragraph 3)。因此，第三段的第一句chose their major with a job in mind(按照自己的理想工作選擇專業)和選項D have a clear idea about their future jobs(對自己的未來工作有明確認識)相符合。根據原文中的第二句話(未來雇主最重要的特性是工作的穩定性，第二位是職業發展與培訓，第三位是吸引人的目標)排除答案A和B;選項C并未體現。

40. 【B】less adventurous;細節題。題干中的compared with millennials定位到文章第二段：the catch words for Gen Zs are practical and cautious(Gen Zs的口號是務實和謹慎);由此判斷出選項B不愛冒險為正確答案。其余均與原文不不符。

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41 -45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A]Give compliments, just not too many.

[B] Put on a good face, always.

[C] Tailor your interactions.

[D] Spend time with everyone.

[E] Reveal, don' t hide, information.

[F] Slow down and listen.

[G] Put yourselves in others' shoes.

Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office

Is it possible to like everyone in your office? Think about how tough it is to get together 15 people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly. But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers. You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you. Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side

41.____

If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try stay tight-lipped around them. But you won't be helping either one of you. A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly, while those who hid lost trustworthiness. The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them, you should just be honest.

42._____

Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others. We often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it's a concern about a project, a stray thought, or a compliment. Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, too. In fact, rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don't value their opinions. Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine, back- and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.

43._____

It's common to have a“cubicle mate" or special confidant in a work setting. But in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around you. Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don't always see. Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job. It requires minimal effort and goes a long way. This will help to gTow your internal network, in addition to being a nice break in the work day.

44._____

Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And you don't have to be someone's boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project. This will help engender good will in others. But don't overdo it or be fake about it. One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.

45.______

This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long way to achieving results. Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction. Watch out for how they verbalize with others. Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while other are more straightforward. Jokes that work one person won't necessarily land with another, So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that you re dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.

41. 答案是E Reveal, don’t hide, information

解析：根據段落轉折句，“你這樣做對誰都沒有好處?！彼越酉聛砭褪亲髡叩挠^點。他說一個研究發現觀察者們一直對那些和他們坦誠的人評價很高，而對那些有所隱藏的失去信任。所以就是要真實，不要隱藏信息。

42. 答案是F Slow down and listen

解析：根據段落中心句: In fact, rishing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don’t value their opinions. 意思是實際上，急著表達你的觀點可能會讓同事們覺得你沒有重視他們的觀點。因此就是聽取別人的觀點。

43. 答案是D Spend time with everyone

解析：根據段落轉折句，“除了那些你信任的同事，你還應該擴大你的圈子，并且尋找所有你身邊的人。因此就是要和每個人在一起。

44. 答案是A Give compliments, just not too many

解析：根據段落轉折句，“但是不要過度去做或者做假。應該做的內容就在下句，“一個研究發現，人們對于從負面到正面的評價反應最好，也許因為這個評價表明他們有比其他人做得好。因此這就是要稱贊，但是不能太多。

45. 答案是C Tailor your interactions

解析：根據段落中心句，最后一句：So, adapt your style accordingly to type. 意思是要相應地把你的風格適合于不同的類型。也就是因人而異的意思。

Section III Translation

It's almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure. People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere. Put simply, they’re not real living at all. But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it's entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.

We can choose to see failure as"the end of the world, "or as proof of just how inadequate we are. Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we're meant to learn. These lessons are very important; they're how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again. Failures stop us only if we let them. Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.

For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.

參考譯文：

人的一生幾乎不可能不經歷某種失敗。但是，失敗的妙處就在于，完全由我們來決定如何看待它。

我們可以選擇將失敗看作是“世界末日”。或者像以往一樣，把它看作令人難以置信的學習經歷。每當我們在某件事上失敗時，我們會選擇尋找應學習的教訓。這些教訓非常重要;他們教會我們如何成長，如何避免再次犯相同的錯誤。如果失敗阻止我們前進，那么唯一的條件就是我們允許它的發生。

失敗還可以教會我們認識自己，那是我們在別處永遠無法學習到的。例如，失敗可以幫助你發現自己的能力。失敗可以幫助你發現最真實的朋友，或者幫助你找到預料之外的成功動力。

【解析】

一、總述

考題文章來自于知名網站Mind Tools上一篇名為“Overcoming Fear of Failure：Facing Your Fear of Moving Forward”一文。文章略有刪減，總詞數151詞，共3段，10句話。題目難度適中，題材常規，符合英語二翻譯歷年的考題規律。相似題材的文章曾經考過，如2010年“承受力”這篇文章?？碱}貼近生活，總體難度較低，考生可從容應對，個別語句較為抽象，略有難度，下面進行解析。

二、難句剖析

1.【原文】But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it's entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.

【分析】本句話易于簡單，由主句加上that引導的表語從句構成，表語從句中嵌套這how引導的賓語從句。其中，the wonderful thing about failure 可以理解為“失敗的妙處”，be up to sb.表示“取決于某人”;it's entirely up to us to decide how to look at it可以理解為“完全由我們來決定如何看待它”，把無靈主語it譯成有靈主語“我們”，更符合漢語習慣。

【譯文】但是，失敗的妙處就在于，完全由我們來決定如何看待它。

2.【原文】Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is.

【分析】本句話由主句和that引導的定語從句構成。其中，look at failure as the learning experience需要注意措辭，incredible是形容詞，最常見的意思是“不能相信的”，但也有“難以置信的、極大的、極好的”之意;結合語境，翻譯成“難以置信的”較為通順，因此這半句話可理解為“把它看作令人難以置信的學習經歷”，為避免上下文重復，可將failure譯成代詞“它”。

【譯文】或者像以往一樣，把它看作令人難以置信的學習經歷。

3.【原文】Failures stop us only if we let them.

【分析】本句由主句和only if引導的條件狀語構成，only if基本的詞義為“只要……就，只是在……的時候，只有”的意思，也有“除了”的含義。本句考點之一在于狀語從句翻譯時需要前置，其二在于選取only if符合語境的詞義。

【譯文】除非我們允許失敗的發生，否則失敗無法阻止我們前進。

46. Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

Section IV Writing

Part A

47. Directions:

Part B

48. Directions:

Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should

1) interpret the chart, and

2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

2019年12月21日下午，考研英語落下帷幕?？v觀英語二試卷，總體來看比較容易。本次英語二大作文考查的是餅狀圖，回顧過去英語二10年考試中，5年考查的是柱狀圖，3年考查的是餅狀圖，1年考查得失線形圖，1年考查的是表格?？梢钥闯鲋鶢顖D和餅狀圖考查最頻繁。本次考查的餅狀圖的話題仍然是關于大學生的話題?；仡欉^去10年考試中，有3年考查了與大學生有關的話題，分別是2013年考查大學生兼職情況，2016年考查某高校學生旅游目的調查，2019年考查某高校本科畢業生畢業去向統計。今年考查的是某高校學生使用手機的目的調查。

本篇英語二大作文的結構要分三段來寫：第一段描述圖表，第二段分析原因，第三段給出結論、趨勢預測及建議。第一段描述圖表要觀察全面，不可遺漏有用信息。其中用手機學習的占主要比例，占59.5%，可以用這個句型來寫：…take(s) a lion’s share, accounting for 59.5%，其它用手機的目的是打發時間、瀏覽信息和其它，分別占到20.5%，17%和2%，這三者可以放在一起用一個句子來搞定，……occupy 20.5%, 17% and 2% respectively。

第二段分析原因，主要寫這個現象的原因，尤其是用手機主要目的的成因?？忌梢詮倪@幾個方面分析原因：第一，隨著經濟的發展，人民生活水平提高，幾乎每個家長都會給學買一部手機，這一點是前提條件。第二，隨著科技的進步，手機給人們帶來了太多的便利，尤其是在學習、交流和查閱資料方面。

第三段寫結論、趨勢預測和建議。結論可以概括一點，大學生這樣利用手機很符合年輕人的特點與時代特征。趨勢預測大概說明一下未來幾年這邊趨勢會發生怎樣的變化，一般而言圖表中的現象都可以體現出未來一段時間會繼續持續一段時間。最后，可以提示年輕人不要沉迷于手機。

綜上，今年的英語二大作文還是比較容易寫出，具體寫法請看下面的參考范文：

一段：As is apparently demonstrated in the chart above, we are informed some information concerning college students’ reading intentions with mobile phones in a certain university. To be more specific, with the help of cell phones, the proportions of college students’ spending on study take a lion’s share, accounting for up to 59.5%. Then those who would like to spend more time on goofing, browsing information and others occupy approximately 20%, 17% and 2% respectively.

二段： There are diverse components contributing to the above trend, but generally speaking, they may put down to the following two aspects. Initially, there is no doubt that recent years have witnessed the rapid development of economy, and people’s living standards have been improved remarkably, as a result of which, an increasing number of parents are likely to buy their children a smart phone, which may provide possibility for students to apply more advanced equipment into study, to the extent that their learning efficiency and reading horizons would be improved. Simultaneously, along with the development of technology and the advancement of the Internet, a growing quantity of college students’ reading habits have been changed because mobile phones would offer more convenience during their study, which should be taken into account.

三段： Based on the discussion above, a conclusion can be drawn safely that college students’ reading habits adhere to youngsters’ characteristics and comply with the trait of the new era. Given the data above, it is well predicted that this trend as reflected by the pie chart above will continue for a while in the near future. Nevertheless, there are also some potential risks if college students are too addicted to mobile phones; therefore, it is advisable for youngsters to arrange time reasonably during using cell phones.

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